Coronavirus Receptors

Alphacoronaviruses

Alphacoronaviruses
Subgenus	Species	Virus Name and Abbreviation, Representative Isolate (RI), and Reference Genome Accession (RefSeq)	Receptor Use	Host	References
Amalacovirus	Alphacoronavirus almalfi	bat alphacoronavirus isolate AMA_L_F (BtCoV-AMA-L-F) RI: AMA_L_F RefSeq: MT663548.1	Unknown	Bat	Bergner 2020
Colacovirus	Alphacoronavirus myotis	bat coronavirus CDPHE15 (BtCoV CDPHE15) RI: bat/USA/CDPHE15/2006 RefSeq: NC_022103.1	Unknown	Bat	Dominguez 2007
Decacovirus	Alphacoronavirus australiense	alphacoronavirus sp. WA3607 (ACoV-WA3607) RI: WA3607 RefSeq: MK472070.1	Unknown	Bat	Prada 2019
Decacovirus	Alphacoronavirus ferrumequini	BtRf-AlphaCoV/HuB2013 (BtRf-AlphaCoV) RI: BtRf-HuB2013 RefSeq: KJ473807.1	Unknown	Bat	Wu 2015
Decacovirus	Alphacoronavirus hipposideri	Hipposideros pomona bat coronavirus CHB25 (HipPBCoV-CHB25) RI: CHB0025 RefSeq: MN611525.1	Unknown	Bat	Li 2020
Decacovirus	Alphacoronavirus rousetti	Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU10 (Ro-BtCoV HKU10) RI: 183A RefSeq: JQ989270.1	Unknown	Bat	Lau 2012
Duvinacovirus	Alphacoronavirus chicagoense	human coronavirus 229E (HCoV_229E) RI: 229E RefSeq: AF304460.1	APN	Human	Letko 2020 Thiel 2001
Luchacovirus	Alphacoronavirus ratti	Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus (LRNV) RI: Lucheng-19 RefSeq: KF294380.2	Unknown	Rodent	Wang 2020 Wang 2015
Minacovirus	Alphacoronavirus neovisontis	mink coronavirus (MCoV) RI: WD1127 RefSeq: HM245925.1	Unknown	Mink	Vlasova 2011
Minunacovirus	Alphacoronavirus miniopteri	Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 (Mi-BatCoV_HKU8) RI: AFCD77 RefSeq: EU420139.1	Unknown	Bat	Chu 2008
Minunacovirus	Alphacoronavirus pusilli	Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 (Mi-BatCoV_1A) RI: AFCD62 RefSeq: EU420138.1	Unknown	Bat	Chu 2008
Myotacovirus	Alphacoronavirus ricketti	BtMr-AlphaCoV/SAX2011 (BtMr-AlphaCoV) RI: BtMr-SAX2011 RefSeq: KJ473806.1	Unknown	Bat	Wu 2015
Nyctacovirus	Alphacoronavirus chalinolobi	alphacoronavirus sp. WA2028 (ACoV-WA2028) RI: WA2028 RefSeq: MK472068.1	Unknown	Bat	Prada 2019
Nyctacovirus	Alphacoronavirus nyctali	BtNv-AlphaCoV/SC2013 (BtNv-AlphaCoV) RI: BtNv-SC2013 RefSeq: KJ473809.1	Unknown	Bat	Wu 2015
Nyctacovirus	Alphacoronavirus pipistrelli	alphacoronavirus bat coronavirus (PK-BatCoV) RI: P.kuhlii/Italy/3398/2015 RefSeq: MH938449.1	Unknown	Bat	De Sabato 2019
Nyctacovirus	Alphacoronavirus tylonycteridis	Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU33 (TyBCoV-HKU33) RI: GZ151867 RefSeq: MK720944.1	Unknown	Bat	Lau 2019
Pedacovirus	Alphacoronavirus finnoniense	bat alphacoronavirus BtCoV/020_16/M.dau/FIN/2016 (BtCoV/020_16/M.dau/FIN/2016) RI: 020_16 RefSeq: MG923574.2	Unknown	Bat	Kivistö 2020
Pedacovirus	Alphacoronavirus gouldii	alphacoronavirus sp. WA1087 (ACoV-WA1087) RI: WA1087 RefSeq: MK472067.1	APN APN+TMPRSS2	Bat	Gallo 2024 Prada 2019
Pedacovirus	Alphacoronavirus porci	porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) RI: CV777 RefSeq: AF353511.1	APN	Swine	Bridgen 1993 Li 2007 Liu 2015
Pedacovirus	Alphacoronavirus scotophili	Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 (Sc-BatCoV_512) RI: 512/2005 RefSeq: DQ648858.1	APN	Bat	Chen 2019 Tang 2006
Rhinacovirus	Alphacoronavirus rhinolophi	Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 (Rh-BatCoV_HKU2) RI: GD/430/2006 RefSeq: EF203064.1	Unknown	Bat	Lau 2007
Rhinacovirus	Unclassified Rhinacovirus	Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) RI: HKU2-related isolate 160660 RefSeq: MN611522.1	Unknown	Swine	Zhou 2018
Setracovirus	Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense	human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV_NL63) RI: Amsterdam I RefSeq: AY567487.2	ACE2 ACE2+TMPRSS2	Human	Hofmann 2005 Gallo 2024 van der Hoek 2004
Setracovirus	Alphacoronavirus triaenopis	NL63-related bat coronavirus (BtKYNL63) RI: BtKYNL63-9b RefSeq: KY073745.1	Unknown	Bat	Tao 2017
Soracovirus	Alphacoronavirus soricis	common shrew coronavirus Tibet-2014 (Sa-CoV_T14) RI: N/A RefSeq: KY370053.1	Unknown	Shrew	Wu 2018
Sunacovirus	Alphacoronavirus sunci	Suncus murinus coronavirus Xingguo-74 (Sm-CoV_X74) RI: N/A RefSeq: KY967715.1	Unknown	Shrew	Wang 2017
Tegacovirus	Alphacoronavirus suis	transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) RI: PUR46-MAD RefSeq: AJ271965.2	SA APN	Swine	Almazán 2000 Delmas 1992 Schwegmann-Weßels 2011
Tegacovirus	Alphacoronavirus 1	canine coronavirus (SD-F3) RI: N/A RefSeq: OM451122.1	APN APN+TMPRSS2	Canine	Gallo 2024
Tegacovirus	Alphacoronavirus 1	feline coronavirus (FCoV) RI: FCoV RefSeq: NC_002306.3	APN	Feline	Tresnan 1996

Betacoronaviruses

Betacoronaviruses
Subgenus	Species	Virus Name and Abbreviation, Representative Isolate (RI), and Reference Genome Accession (RefSeq)	Receptor Use	Host	References
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus gravedinis	human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV_OC43) RI: ATCC VR-759 RefSeq: AY585228.1	N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid SA	Human	Krempl 1995 St-Jean 2004 Vlasak 1988
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus hongkongense	human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV_HKU1) RI: HKU1 RefSeq: AY597011.2	TMPRSS2	Human	Gao 2024 Saunders 2023 Woo 2005
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus muris	murine hepatitis virus (MHV) RI: A59 RefSeq: AY700211.1	CEACAM1	Rodent	Coley 2005 Tsai 2003 Williams 1991
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus myodae	Myodes rufocanus vole coronavirus 2/JL2014 (MrufCoV_2JL14) RI: N/A RefSeq: KY370046.1	Unknown	Rodent	Wu 2018
Embecovirus	Unclassified Embecovirus	Grimso virus RI: GRP215-15 RefSeq: OM373090.1	Unknown	Rodent	Wasberg 2022
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus ratti	betacoronavirus HKU24 (ChRCoV_HKU24) RI: HKU24-R05005I RefSeq: KM349742.1	Unknown	Rodent	Lau 2015
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus 1	bovine coronavirus (BCoV-ENT) RI: N/A RefSeq: AF391541.1	SA N-acetyl-9-O- acetylneuraminic acid	Bovine	Chouljenko 2001 Schultze 1994 Vlasak 1988
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus 1	equine coronavirus (NC99) RI: N/A RefSeq: EF446615.1	Unknown	Equine	Zhang 2007
Embecovirus	Betacoronavirus 1	porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) RI: PHEV/67N/US/1970 RefSeq: MW165134.1	DPEP1	Swine Rodent	Dufloo 2025 Hirano 2004
Hibecovirus	Betacoronavirus hipposideri	bat Hp-betacoronavirus/Zhejiang2013 (Bat_Hp-BetaCoV) RI: Zhejiang2013 RefSeq: KF636752.1	Unknown	Bat	Wu 2015
Merbecovirus	Betacoronavirus cameli	Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RI: HCoV-EMC RefSeq: JX869059.2	DPP4 GRP78	Camel Human	Chu 2018 Raj 2013 Soriano-Tordera 2025
Merbecovirus	Betacoronavirus erinacei	hedgehog coronavirus 1 (EriCoV) RI: 2012-174/GER/2012 RefSeq: KC545383.1	Unknown	Hedgehog	Corman 2014 Cruz 2024
Merbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pipistrelli	Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 (Pi-BatCoV_HKU5) RI: HKU5 RefSeq: EF065509.1	ACE2	Bat	Catanzaro 2024 Park 2025 Wang 2025 Woo 2007
Merbecovirus	Betacoronavirus tylonycteridis	Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 (Ty-BatCoV-HKU4) RI: HKU4 RefSeq: EF065505.1	DPP4	Bat	Wang 2014 Woo 2007 Yang 2014
Merbecovirus	Unclassified Merbecovirus	Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (NeoCoV) RI: Neoromicia/PML-PHE1/RSA/2011 RefSeq: KC869678.4	ACE2	Bat	Xiong 2022
Nobecovirus	Betacoronavirus cororeum	Rousettus bat coronavirus (Ro-BatCoV_GCCDC1) RI: GCCDC1 356 RefSeq: KU762338.1	Unknown	Bat	Huang 2016
Nobecovirus	Betacoronavirus eidoli	Eidolon helvum bat coronavirus CMR704-P12 (Ei-BatCoV_C704) RI: N/A RefSeq: MG693168.1	Unknown	Bat	Yinda 2018
Nobecovirus	Betacoronavirus rousetti	Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 (Ro-BatCoV_HKU9) RI: HKU9 RefSeq: EF065513.1	GRP78	Bat	Chu 2018 Woo 2007
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RI: Tor2 RefSeq: AY274119.3	ACE2	Human	Li 2005 Li 2003 Prabakaran 2004
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	SARS coronavirus PC4-227 (SARS-CoV) RI: PC4-227 RefSeq: AY613950.1	Unknown	Palm civet	Song 2005
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RI: Wuhan-Hu-1 RefSeq: MN908947.3	ACE2 GRP78	Human Feline Canine Cervid Rodent Mink Monkey Rhino Raccoon and more	Brielle 2020 Carlos 2021 Han 2023 Wang 2020 Wu 2020
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) RI: BtKY72 RefSeq: KY352407.1	ACE2	Bat	Su 2024 Tao 2019
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (WIV1) RI: WIV1 RefSeq: KF367457.1	ACE2	Bat	Ge 2013
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Bat SARS-like coronavirus (Rs4084) RI: Rs4084 RefSeq: KY417144.1	ACE2	Bat	Letko 2020
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Bat SARS-like coronavirus (Rs4231) RI: Rs4231 RefSeq: KY417146.1	ACE2	Bat	Letko 2020
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Bat SARS-like coronavirus (Rs7327) RI: Rs7327 RefSeq: KY417151.1	ACE2	Bat	Letko 2020
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	SARS coronavirus Urbani (RsSHC014) RI: SHC014 RefSeq: KC881005.1	ACE2	Bat	Ge 2013 Letko 2020
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Bat coronavirus RaTG13n (RaTG13) RI: RaTG13 RefSeq: MN996532.2	ACE2	Bat	Li 2021 Liu 2021
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Bat coronavirus BM48-31/BGR/2008 (BM48-31) RI: BM48-31/BGR/2008 RefSeq: GU190215.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Sarbecovirus RhGB01 (RhGB01) RI: RhGB01 RefSeq: MW719567.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Sarbecovirus sp (YN2020H) RI: YN2020H RefSeq: OK017858.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Civet SARS CoV 007/2004 (Civet007) RI: 007/2004 RefSeq: AY572034.1	ACE2	Civet	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Bat SARS-like coronavirus (Rs7327) RI: Rs7327 RefSeq: KY417151.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Sarbecovirus sp (YN2016A) RI: RsYN2016A RefSeq: OK017847.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Rhinolophus affinis coronavirus (LYRa11) RI: LYRa11 RefSeq: KF569996.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	SARS-like coronavirus WIV16 (WIV16) RI: WIV16 RefSeq: KT444582.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Sarbecovirus sp (Rc-os20) RI: Rc-os20 RefSeq: LC663958.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ( RI: Rc-o319 RefSeq: LC556375.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Sarbecovirus sp (Rc-kw8) RI: Rc-kw8 RefSeq: LC663793.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Sarbecovirus sp (Rc-mk2) RI: Rc-mk2 RefSeq: LC663959.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Pangolin coronavirus (GX-P1E) RI: Guangzi strain RefSeq: MT040334.1	ACE2	Pangolin	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Horseshoe bat sarbecovirus (Ra22QT77) RI: Ra22QT77 RefSeq: OR233324.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Betacoronavirus pandemicum	Pangolin coronavirus (MP789) RI: Guangdong strain RefSeq: MT121216.1	ACE2	Pangolin	Kosugi 2025
Sarbecovirus	Unclassified Sarbecovirus	Horseshoe bat sarbecovirus (Rp22DB159) RI: Rp22DB159 RefSeq: OR233302.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025

Gammacoronaviruses

Gammacoronaviruses
Subgenus	Species	Virus Name and Abbreviation, Representative Isolate (RI), and Reference Genome Accession (RefSeq)	Receptor Use	Host	References
Brangacovirus	Gammacoronavirus brantae	Canada goose-Branta canadensis-coronavirus-Cambridge Bay 2017 (BcanCoV_CB17) RI: CGCoV RefSeq: MK359255.1	Unknown	Avian	Papineau 2019
Cegacovirus	Gammacoronavirus delphinapteri	beluga whale coronavirus (BWCoV) RI: SW1 RefSeq: EU111742.1	Unknown	Beluga whale	Mihindukulasuriya 2008
Cegacovirus	Gammacoronavirus delphinapteri	bottlenose dolphin coronavirus HKU22 (BdCoV_HKU22) RI: HKU22 RefSeq: KF793824.1	Unknown	Dolphin	Wang 2020
Igacovirus	Gammacoronavirus anatis	duck coronavirus DK/GD/27/2014 (DuCoV) RI: DuCoV_2714 RefSeq: KM454473.1	Unknown	Avian	Zhuang 2015
Igacovirus	Gammacoronavirus galli	infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) RI: IBV RefSeq: M95169.1	SA	Avian	Boursnell 1987 Winter 2006
Igacovirus	Gammacoronavirus pulli	infectious bronchitis virus (ACoV_9203) RI: ACoV_9203 RefSeq: KR902510.1	Unknown	Avian	Shilpa 2022

Deltacoronaviruses

Deltacoronaviruses
Subgenus	Species	Virus Name and Abbreviation, Representative Isolate (RI), and Reference Genome Accession (RefSeq)	Receptor Use	Host	References
Andecovirus	Deltacoronavirus marecae	wigeon coronavirus HKU20 (WiCoV_HKU20) RI: HKU20-9243 RefSeq: JQ065048.1	Unknown	Avian	Woo 2012
Buldecovirus	Deltacoronavirus gallinulae	common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 (CMCoV_HKU21) RI: HKU21-8295 RefSeq: JQ065049.1	Unknown	Avian	Woo 2012
Buldecovirus	Deltacoronavirus lonchurae	munia coronavirus HKU13 (MunCV_HKU13) RI: HKU13-3514 RefSeq: FJ376622.1	APN	Avian	Liang 2023 Woo 2009
Buldecovirus	Deltacoronavirus pycnonoti	Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulCV_HKU11) RI: HKU11 RefSeq: FJ376619.2	APN	Avian	Liang 2023 Woo 2009
Buldecovirus	Deltacoronavirus suis	porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PoCoV_HKU15) RI: HKU15-155 RefSeq: JQ065043.2	APN	Swine; Human	Lednicky 2021 Li 2018 Woo 2012
Buldecovirus	Deltacoronavirus zosteropis	white-eye coronavirus HKU16 (WECoV_HKU16) RI: HKU16 RefSeq: JQ065044.1	Unknown	Avian	Woo 2012
Buldecovirus	Unclassified Buldecovirus	sparrow coronavirus HKU17 (HKU17) RI: HKU17 RefSeq: JQ065045.1	APN	Avian	Liang 2023
Herdecovirus	Deltacoronavirus nycticoracis	night heron coronavirus HKU19 (NHCoV_HKU19) RI: HKU19 RefSeq: JQ065047.1	Unknown	Avian	Woo 2012

Unclassified Coronaviruses

Unclassified Coronaviridae
Subgenus	Species	Virus Name and Abbreviation, Representative Isolate (RI), and Reference Genome Accession (RefSeq)	Receptor Use	Host	References
Unclassified	Unclassified	Bat coronavirus (BANAL-20-52) RI: BANAL-20-52 RefSeq: MZ937000.1	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025 Temmam 2022
Unclassified	Unclassified	Bat coronavirus (BANAL-20-236) RI: BANAL-20-236 RefSeq: MZ937003.2	ACE2	Bat	Kosugi 2025 Temmam 2022

Human Tissue Distribution

Human Tissue Distribution
Receptor	Major Expressing Tissues	References
ACE2	Intestinal enterocytes, renal proximal tubules, testis, alveolar type II cells (low)	Hikmet 2020 López-Cortés 2023
DPP4	Lung alveolar epithelium, kidney proximal tubules, liver hepatocytes, T cells	Hikmet 2020 Koyanagi 2023 Luu 2023 Nassar 2021 Seys 2017
ANPEP	Intestinal epithelium, kidney, airway epithelial cells, neutrophils	Hikmet 2020 Lendeckel 2023
9-O-Acetylated Sialic Acids	Respiratory mucins, colon epithelial cells, CNS	Barnard 2019 Hikmet 2020 Wasik 2017
TMPRSS2	Stomach, pancreas, lungs, small intestine, salivary glands, kidneys, prostate, parathyroid gland	Cao 2021

Coronavirus Receptors in Animal Models

Coronavirus Receptors in Animal Models
Animal Model	ACE2	DPP4	ANPEP	9-O-Acetylated Sialic Acids
Mice	Not naturally permissive due to differences in ACE2 sequence. Transgenic hACE2-expressing mice or mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains are used for research. High-dose SARS-CoV-1 infection in BALB/c mice can overcome poor binding to a degree, epseially with mouse-adapted strains.	Not naturally susceptible to MERS-CoV due to differences in DPP4. Introducing human-like mutations (A288L and T330R) or using transgenic hDPP4 mice allows infection.	Not naturally susceptible to HCoV-229E due to differences in ANPEP. However, transgenic hANPEP-expressing mice allow infection and pathogenesis studies.	Express 9-O-acetylated sialic acids, making them susceptible to some betacoronaviruses, though infection is generally limited.
Hamsters	Support SARS-CoV-2 infection and exhibit mild to moderate lung pathology. However, ACE2 expression is limited in the trachea and lung, affecting viral tropism.	Do not naturally support MERS-CoV infection due to receptor incompatibility.	Susceptibility to HCoV-229E is unclear; no strong evidence supports infection.	Express 9-O-acetylated sialic acid and can be infected by betacoronaviruses.
Ferrets	Express ACE2 mainly in the upper respiratory tract, leading to mild SARS-CoV-2 infections without severe lung pathology	Not permissive to MERS-CoV due to DPP4 sequence differences.	Limited data on ferret ANPEP expression and susceptibility to HCoV-229E.	Likely express 9-O-acetylated sialic acids, but data is limited.
Non-Human Primates	ACE2 highly similar to humans, making them good models for SARS-CoV-2. Most show mild to moderate disease.	Rhesus macaques develop mild to moderate MERS-CoV infections, whereas African green monkeys show more severe disease.	NHPs likely support HCoV-229E infection due to ANPEP compatibility, but data is limited.	Expression of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids in NHPs is species-dependent.
Common Marmosets	Express ACE2 and are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, but disease severity varies.	Develop more severe MERS-CoV infections than rhesus macaques, making them a valuable model.	Limited data on ANPEP distribution in marmosets.	Limited data on marmoset expression of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids.