While transmission is challenging to assess during the clinical phase, several preclinical studies on coronavirus vaccine candidates administered intranasally have demonstrated both protection against disease and prevention of transmission.
- Leekha 2024: Multi-antigen intranasal vaccine protects against challenge with sarbecoviruses and prevents transmission in hamsters
- Yuen 2023: An interferon-integrated mucosal vaccine provides pan-sarbecovirus protection in small animal models
- Mao 2022: Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine elicits protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses
- An 2021: Protection of K18-hACE2 mice and ferrets against SARS-CoV-2 challenge by a single-dose mucosal immunization with a parainfluenza virus 5–based COVID-19 vaccine